The profane language and salacious imagery in Judge Sonia Sotomayor's opinion in the case Farrell v. Burke caught Suits & Sentences' attention. See earlier posting. But what about her reasoning?
Quick summary: convicted sex offender Christopher Farrell challenged the terms of parole that included a ban on pornography. The legal question, as Sotomayor put it in her May 2006 decision, is whether that special parole condition put Farrell properly on notice that the ban covered the book Scum: True Homosexual Experiences, which contains sexually explicit pictures and lurid descriptions of sex between men and boys.
Sotomayor and two colleagues on the 2nd Circuit concluded Scum "falls within any reasonable definition of pornography and that the parole condition is therefore not unconstitutionally vague as applied to Farrell's conduct." First: whatever the merits of the reasoning, this certainly avoids a potential confirmation headache. Imagine what Rush Limbaugh et. al, would make of Scum.
The opinion includes an illuminating excerpt of an exchange between a parole officer named Mr. Burke and a Mr. Nathanson, Farrell's attorney.
MR. NATHANSON: Are you saying, for example, that that condition of parole would prohibit Mr. Farrell from possessing, say, Playboy magazine?
P.O. BURKE: Yes.
MR. NATHANSON: Are you saying that that condition of parole would prohibit Mr. Farrell from possessing a photograph of Michelangelo['s] David?
P.O. BURKE: What is that?
MR. NATHANSON: Are you familiar with that sculpture?
P.O. BURKE: No.
MR. NATHANSON: If I tell you it's a large sculpture of a nude youth with his genitals exposed and visible, does that help to refresh your memory of what that is?
P.O. BURKE: If he possessed that, yes, he would be locked up for that.
As Sotomayor noted, "no person should have to stake his or her liberty on another person's whims or aesthetic judgment, as Farrell alleges he was forced to do."
The opinion carefully traces the traditional problems associated with overly vague statutes, and the dangers they pose to citizens. The opinion further cautions that the term "pornography" is "notoriously elusive," and therefore potentially runs afoul of the vagueness problem. Moreover, the opinion takes note of decisions in the 3rd and 9th Circuits striking down similar parole conditions.
Indeed, Sotomayor's opinion takes exception to the government's broad notion of pornography -- "material depicting sexual conduct and 'designed to cause sexual excitement,'" -- as one that could ensnare many. So, to this extent, the opinion is fairly protective of expressive materials. Nonetheless, and here the opinion turns against Farrell, Sotomayor concluded that however vague the definition of pornography may be, Scum clearly fits within it. Farrell, previously convicted of sodomy with boys aged 13 to 16, knew what he was getting; in other words, he was on notice. Notes Sotomayor:
"We find it difficult to imagine that a person convicted of such an
offense—and consequently ordered not to possess 'pornographic
material'—could purchase a book containing graphic descriptions of sex
between men and boys and think that his parole officer would approve."
That dispenses with the as-applied challenge. Farrell's facial challenge -- a term Suits & Sentences hesitates to use, in the context of this case -- likewise falls; in part, Sotomayor notes, because parolees already have circumscribed First Amendment rights. At the same time, Sotomayor cautions that "we hope that greater efforts will be made in the future to define
adequately the terms of parole conditions dealing with pornographic
materials."
All in all, Suits & Sentences sees this as a smart decision. The factual background is clearly elucidated and complete enough to make a judgment. The key legal concepts, like vagueness, are made specific and concrete. However unsympathetic a character Mr. Farrell might seem, the government is put on notice to be careful in the future; the opinion is sympathetic toward free expression and skeptical of government overreach, but ultimately supportive of how the government's power is applied in this particular case.